how to download half life 2 episode 3 the closure

Two of these schemes produced results that agreed within a few percent with the measured MAC at all three wavelengths, and the AAE agreed well when discounting the effects of BrC. Four semiempirical parameterisations from the literature were also tested, linking the BC mixing state to either the MAC or absorption enhancement. However, there are no possible values of m BC that produce MAC values that agree with our observations at all three wavelengths, due to a wavelength-dependent underestimation of the MAC of the underlying BC core. A core–shell Mie model was able to generate good agreement for MAC in the green–red end of the visible spectrum for most values of m BC. Homogeneous grey-sphere Mie models were only able to replicate MAC for some low (real and imaginary) values of the complex BC refractive index ( m BC) at the shortest wavelength, but they would have to use unrealistically low values of m BC to accurately replicate the AAE. We compared the measured MAC and AAE values with those calculated using several optical models and absorption parameterisations that took the measured BC mass and mixing state as inputs. The average MAC of BC was 20±4, 15☓, and 12☒ m 2g −1 at wavelengths of 405, 514, and 655 nm respectively, with equivalent absorption enhancements of around 1.85☐.45 at all three wavelengths, suggesting that the thick coatings acted as a lens that enhanced light absorption by the BC. The BC particles were universally thickly coated, and almost no externally mixed BC particles were detected.

The effective organic aerosol (OA) mass absorption coefficient (MAC) was 0.31☐.09 m 2 g −1 at 405 nm. The average absorption Ångström exponents (AAE) were 1.38 over the wavelength range from 405 to 514 nm and 0.88 over the range from 514 to 655 nm, suggesting that brown carbon (BrC) contributed to 11☒ % of absorption at 405 nm. These measurements are of sufficient quality and detail to provide constraint on optical schemes used in climate models for the first time in biomass burning plumes far from their source – an aerosol environment that is one of the most important climatically. We present airborne measurements of aerosol absorption and black carbon microphysical properties in highly aged biomass burning plumes measured 4–8 d from their source over the southeast Atlantic Ocean during CLARIFY-2017, using a suite of novel photoacoustic spectrometers to measure aerosol absorption at 405, 514, and 655 nm and a single-particle soot photometer to measure the BC mass concentration, size, and mixing state. In the past, detailed investigation of BC absorption has been hampered by systematic biases in the measurement instrumentation. The optical properties of black carbon (BC) are a major source of uncertainty in regional and global climate studies.

How to download half life 2 episode 3 the closure